Lebanon’s rich biodiversity and cultural heritage are deeply intertwined with the concept of Hima, a traditional community-based conservation approach that dates back over 1,500 years. The Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon (SPNL) has successfully revived and implemented this practice, establishing 33 Hima sites across the country. These Hima sites not only safeguard natural habitats and species but also serve as a crucial link between people and nature, fostering environmental stewardship among local communities.
Population and Community Engagement in Hima Sites
The 33 Hima sites established by SPNL are home to a significant number of people, totaling approximately 187,800 individuals. These communities play a vital role in conservation efforts, as their livelihoods and well-being are directly tied to the health of their surrounding ecosystems.
Key Population Figures in Hima Sites:
- Large Hima Communities: Aakoura (15,000), Menjez (11,000), Anjar (11,000), Kfarzabad (11,000), Ras Al Matn (10,000), and Qolooleh (10,000) stand out as the most populated Hima sites. Their substantial human presence presents both opportunities and challenges in balancing conservation with sustainable livelihoods.
- Medium-Sized Hima Communities: Andket (6,500), Anfeh (6,500), Hammana (9,000), Jdeidet El-Fakiha (9,000), Qaroun (7,000), and Kfar Matta (8,000) highlight the widespread reach of the Hima model.
- Smaller Hima Communities: Ain Al Remmeneh (1,500), Ain Al Saideh (2,000), Ain Zebdeh (2,000), Aitet (1,600), and Kayfoun (1,400) demonstrate how even less populated areas can contribute significantly to conservation efforts.
Hima: A Model for Sustainable Conservation
The Hima approach is rooted in community participation, where local populations take the lead in managing their natural resources. This model creates a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents, ensuring that conservation efforts are not imposed but rather driven by those who benefit directly from these ecosystems.
- Biodiversity Protection: Many of these sites are crucial habitats for Lebanon’s endangered species, such as the Syrian Serin, the Imperial Eagle, and various migratory birds. By designating these areas as Hima sites, critical ecosystems are preserved.
- Sustainable Livelihoods: Agriculture, eco-tourism, and traditional crafts thrive under the Hima model, providing economic incentives for communities to protect their environment. In places like Kfarzabad and Anjar, organic farming and birdwatching tourism have become successful models of sustainable income generation.
- Cultural and Heritage Conservation: The Hima approach not only safeguards nature but also promotes Lebanon’s rural heritage. Many of these sites, such as Anfeh and Arnoun, hold historical significance and are integrated into eco-cultural tourism initiatives.
- Climate Resilience: With increasing environmental challenges, Hima sites offer natural solutions for climate adaptation. Forest conservation in areas like Ras Al Matn and Hammana helps regulate local temperatures, reduces soil erosion, and maintains freshwater supplies.
Challenges and Future Directions
Despite its successes, the Hima model faces challenges such as urban encroachment, pollution, and insufficient funding. The continued expansion of Hima sites, stronger policy integration, and increased community awareness will be essential in ensuring the long-term sustainability of this conservation approach.
Hima sites in Lebanon serve as a bridge between nature conservation and local communities. With a total population of nearly 190,000 people living in or around these sites, their role in biodiversity protection and sustainable development is more crucial than ever. By embracing the Hima model, Lebanon not only safeguards its rich natural heritage but also empowers its communities to become active custodians of their environment, securing a sustainable future for generations to come.
