Lebanon’s rich biodiversity has long been home to a diverse array of bird species, from native raptors soaring over the mountains to migratory songbirds stopping along the Mediterranean coast. However, an emerging issue threatens to reshape this natural balance—the introduction, captivity, and escape of exotic birds.
A study by Dr. Ghassan Ramadan-Jaradi and Mona Ramadan-Jaradi, published in the Lebanese Science Journal in 2012, provides an in-depth analysis of the growing presence of non-native birds in Lebanon’s littoral region. Conducted over the course of 2011 and early 2012, the study explores how intentional and accidental introductions of exotic species are impacting the local ecosystem.
Exotic Birds: A Growing Phenomenon
The study surveyed Lebanon’s entire coastal zone, stretching from Naqoura in the south to Cheikh Zennad in the north, covering nearly 200 kilometers of coastline. Observations revealed an increasing number of exotic bird species, often introduced through the pet trade or escapees from captivity. The study also documented native species being captured and caged, further highlighting the complexity of human-wildlife interactions.
One of the primary hotspots for this phenomenon is the Sunday market under the Jisr El Wati bridge in Beirut, where a wide variety of birds are sold as pets. These include native species such as goldfinches, sparrowhawks, and kestrels, alongside exotic species like parrots, mynahs, and finches. Many of these birds are either captured from the wild or imported from distant regions, fueling concerns over the unregulated bird trade.
The Ecological Impact of Introduced Birds
While some exotic birds may integrate harmlessly into their new environments, others can have profound ecological effects. The study highlights how the Ring-necked Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), originally from South Asia, has successfully established breeding colonies in Beirut’s Horsh Park, the American University of Beirut campus, and other locations. The increasing population of this species raises concerns about potential competition with native birds for nesting sites and food sources.
Similarly, the Common Mynah (Acridotheres tristis), introduced to Lebanon through escapes, has formed stable colonies in Beirut and Tripoli. This species, known for its adaptability and aggressive behavior, is recognized globally as an invasive bird capable of displacing native species.
The Role of Human Activity
Human behavior plays a significant role in the spread of exotic birds. Many species are deliberately introduced, either for aesthetic reasons or for hunting purposes. The Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca), for example, was intentionally released in the Maasser Al Chouf area in the mid-1990s but failed to establish a sustainable population due to overhunting.
Other birds, such as the Red Turtle Dove (Streptopelia tranquebarica) and the Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), appear sporadically, likely due to accidental escapes from captivity. The phenomenon is further exacerbated by informal bird traders and individuals who keep wild-caught birds as pets, increasing the risk of escapes and potential establishment in the wild.
Conservation Challenges and Solutions
The presence of exotic birds presents a growing conservation challenge. Lebanon ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994, committing to prevent, control, and eradicate alien species that threaten ecosystems. However, enforcement remains a challenge, particularly in the unregulated bird markets and informal pet trade.
To mitigate the risks associated with exotic and escaped birds, the study recommends:
- Stronger Regulation of the Bird Trade: Implementing stricter controls on the import, sale, and ownership of exotic species to prevent their introduction into the wild.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public on the dangers of keeping wild birds as pets and encouraging responsible bird ownership.
- Monitoring and Research: Conducting continuous studies to track the presence and impact of exotic birds on Lebanon’s native avifauna.
- Protection of Natural Habitats: Preserving forests, wetlands, and coastal areas to ensure native birds have a stable environment, reducing their vulnerability to invasive species.
Looking Ahead
Lebanon’s unique position along the Mediterranean Flyway makes it an essential stopover for migratory birds. The growing presence of exotic species adds another layer of complexity to an already delicate ecological balance. While some introduced birds may coexist peacefully, others pose real threats to native biodiversity.
By implementing proactive conservation measures and regulating the bird trade, Lebanon has an opportunity to safeguard its native bird populations and maintain the ecological integrity of its littoral zone. The challenge is not just about preserving wildlife—it’s about ensuring that Lebanon’s skies continue to be filled with the songs and flights of its diverse avian residents for generations to come.
We hope you enjoy reading the study
Introduced_Captive_Caged_and_Escaped_Exo
