Preserving Nature and Culture: Biocultural Conservation in Mount Hermon

Mount Hermon, known as “Jabal al-Sheikh,” is not only a towering presence in Lebanon’s natural landscape but also a symbol of the harmonious relationship between nature and culture. This sacred mountain, steeped in history and biodiversity, has long been a place where human identity and ecological health intersect. Recent research conducted by Safaa Baydoun, Nizar Hani, Hicham El Zein, and their team, published in Human Ecology (April 2024), provides valuable insights into how this unique site can serve as a model for biocultural conservation.

A Living Heritage of Nature and Culture

Mount Hermon’s significance transcends its ecological richness. It is revered by local Christian, Muslim, and Druze communities, with numerous spiritual sites and traditions tied to the mountain. From the ancient Druze maqams of Ain Aata and Kawkaba to Christian pilgrimages at Ain Arab, the mountain represents a sacred connection between people and their environment. Such spiritual ties are crucial in shaping local conservation values and practices.

The study explored these dynamics using the Values, Rules, and Knowledge (VRK) framework, surveying 126 local informants. Findings revealed a deep understanding of the mountain’s instrumental, relational, and intrinsic values. While the majority of respondents (50.84%) emphasized instrumental values—such as the mountain’s role as a water source, fertile land for agriculture, and a hub for eco-tourism—41.88% also highlighted relational values, like a sense of place, social identity, and spirituality. Intrinsic values, recognizing the right of nature to exist independently, were less frequently cited but still notable (7.28%).

Community-Driven Conservation

Mount Hermon’s diverse ecosystems and cultural richness make it a prime candidate for biocultural conservation. The study identified a coexistence of formal rules (62.26%) and informal rules (37.74%) governing resource use, showcasing the influence of both traditional and institutional governance.

One of the key findings was the role of local ecological knowledge (LEK) in resource management. Informants displayed a wealth of knowledge about sustainable practices, including rotational grazing, water management, and reforestation techniques passed down through generations. Such practices align with global conservation goals, demonstrating how ancient wisdom can inform modern strategies.

Challenges and Opportunities

While Mount Hermon holds immense potential, the study also highlighted challenges. Conflicting interactions within the VRK framework—such as differences between local customs and national policies—can hinder effective conservation. Furthermore, climate change, unsustainable tourism, and habitat degradation pose ongoing threats to the mountain’s fragile ecosystems.

To address these challenges, the study advocates a participatory conservation strategy that integrates:

• Local communities as key stakeholders in decision-making processes.
• A balance between traditional practices and scientific interventions.
• Governance systems that respect cultural heritage while promoting biodiversity.

A Global Example of Biocultural Conservation

Mount Hermon’s story exemplifies the concept of biocultural diversity, where biological and cultural heritage are intertwined. It serves as a living laboratory for integrating ecological health with cultural identity. By leveraging its rich spiritual traditions, ecological knowledge, and community engagement, Mount Hermon offers a roadmap for sustainable conservation in other regions.

This approach has far-reaching implications, as it underscores the importance of recognizing and valuing the cultural dimensions of conservation. As global efforts like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) emphasize the need for biocultural approaches, Mount Hermon stands out as a leading example of how to bridge science, culture, and local traditions.

About this Study

Baydoun, S., Hani, N., Zein, H.E. et al. An Initial Assessment of Community Values, Rules, and Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Mount Hermon, Lebanon: Key Perspectives towards Biocultural Conservation. Hum Ecol 52, 319–334 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-024-00488-3

For more information, the full study is available in Human Ecology and can be accessed here.