Almost 1,500 years before modern conservation research arrived at the same idea, a tradition originating from the Arabian Peninsula realised the importance of community involvement when preserving natural areas and managing natural resources. Essential practice for human survival in Arabian climes, the hima was a traditional sustainable protected area system that went further than being a strategy to conserve biodiversity: it was a way of life. Now, thanks to a $1 million grant from Her Highness Sheikha Jawaher Bint Hamad Bin Sahim Al-Thani of Qatar, the traditional approach of hima is being revived for the conservation of Important Bird Areas and empowerment of local people in the Middle East.
Hima literally means āa protected placeā and was written into Islamic Law by the Prophet Mohammed to be an area used for public welfare and protected āfor the benefit of all creaturesā. Originally defined by the distance the ownerās dogās bark could be heard, they became community-owned grassland, woodland, wetland and beekeeping reserves that supported the natural resources crucial to everybodyās survival.
BirdLife International in the Middle East, led by the Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon (SPNL, BirdLife Partner), is now reviving hima in the region. The goal is to mesh these wise traditional practices with recent conservation science in order to achieve sustainable development. By respecting the rights of local communities and promoting equity and responsibility for the environment, the hima revival epitomises BirdLifeās new Local Empowerment Programme.
āIn Lebanon, the word hima resonates more positively in peopleās ears than the word mahmiyah, which is used to describe the conventional protected areaā, said Assad Serhal, General Director of SPNL. āThis may be because the word hima is deeply rooted in peopleās collective memory, and is associated with a way of life without which survival would not have been possible. People are therefore conscious of the himaās focus on human wellbeing, rather than the exclusionary wildlife conservation approach adopted by mahmiyah.ā
Guided walks and bike tours of the community-protected hima marshes, Kfar Zabad Hima, Lebanon (SPNL)
Now SPNL is hoping to gain stronger support for the hima practice as a sustainable and culturally appropriate alternative in Lebanon and beyond. Traditional himas already exist in Saudi Arabia and Oman, and since 2004, SPNL has re-established six himas at Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Lebanon, with a seventh planned at a bottle neck area for migratory soaring birds. āIBAs are about biodiversity, and himas are about people and sustainable use of natural resourcesā, said David Thomas, BirdLifeās Head of Communities and Livelihoods. āBy linking the two, the BirdLife Partnership has created a major concept in site-based conservation.ā
In 2008, SPNL helped initiate a Hima Fund with Friends of the Environment Center (BirdLife in Qatar) thanks to the generous donation. Since then, in partnership with the Syrian Society for Conservation of Wildlife (SSCW, BirdLife Partner), a new hima was proposed in Hommes, Syria (2010); and the Hima Fund supported hima revival at four sites in Lebanon, Jordan, Sultant Oman and Qatar this year.
In the harsh conditions of the Arabian Peninsula, living sustainably under the hima way of life was the only way for people to survive. The cooperation inspired by hima helped secure enough food for whole communities amongst an uncertain and unforgiving environment. With greater environmental uncertainty to come in the future, perhaps there is a lesson for us all.
Shaun Hurrell
BirdLife International has grown into a global Partnership, working with 117 local Partners worldwide in order to make a sustainable difference for nature and people. The upcoming International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Congress will be an opportunity to recognise hima as an excellent form of Community Conservation and engage the support of the IUCN in hima revitalisation. This article is part of a series celebrating BirdLife Internationalās 90th Anniversary.